Midêkʰ

Adjectives

Unlike nouns and verbs, adjective are not derived from using a combination of root and template, with the exception of the active and passive participles of verbs. Some adjectives are fixed words, but most are the result of affixation of other words.

Adjectives are marked for number, gender, and case to match the noun modified.

Nouns

Nouns are marked for number (singular and plural) and case using a prefix for case and a suffix for number. Each noun also has a gender: either masculine, feminine, or neuter.

The cases present in the language were:

• Nominative: used for the subject of the verb.
• Accusative: used for the object of transitive verbs.
• Vocative: used for a party directly addressed by the speaker.
• Dative: used for the recipient or beneficiary of an action.
• Prepositional: used for the complement of most prepositions, although some prepositions require or allow other cases.

Pronouns

There are ten personal pronouns: a singular and a plural pronoun for each of the first and second persons, and three singular and three plural third-person pronouns, distinguished by gender. Each pronoun has forms for the different cases, although only the second person pronouns have vocative forms.

The first and second person pronouns seem to be related to the verbal agreement affixes. The third-person masculine and feminine pronouns appear to derive from the verbal participle adjective “fomódkʰo” (meaning ‘sapient’ or ‘capable of language’, active participle of the 5th form verb of the root m-d-kʰ), while the neuter pronouns derive from the verbal participle adjectives “moróŋpo” and “moroŋóp” (respectively meaning “arriving, nearby” or “leaving, distant”; passive and active participles of the 6th-form verb of the root r-ŋ-p).

The forms of the personal pronouns are given in the table below:

The third-person personal pronouns have two special uses:

• In relative clauses, they represent the head noun within the relative clause.
• They may be placed between two noun phrases to represent that both phrases have the same referent (serving a function similar to apposition in English), in which case the pronoun and both noun-phrases must agree in case, number, and gender.

TKTK demonstratives?

The interrogative pronouns derive from nouns of the root L-T-M (“question”). TKTK

Verbs

Verbs are inflected for tense, aspect, mood, person, and number. Person is first, second, and third. Number is either singular or plural.

There are two tenses, which reflect the time at which the action occurred:

• Non-past: used for events happening now, in the future, in the immediate past, or at an uncertain time.
• Past: used for events that started in the past, but not the immediate past.

There are three aspects, although the continuous and habitual are only distinguished in the indicative mood:

• Continuous: used to describe an ongoing process.
• Habitual: used to describe a recurring or cyclical activity.
• Perfective: used to describe an action as a single unit.

There are three moods:

• Indicative: used for statements of facts.
• Optative: used for wishes and hopes, conditional events, and some commands.
• Subjunctive: used for hypothetical events, future events, and more polite commands.

Issues such as questions and the active or passive voice are marked elsewhere in a sentence.

There are three special forms of each verb:

• The verbal noun, which functions as a noun and can represent the act of the verb occuring or a object related to the activity described by the verb. The gender of a verbal noun is determined by the verb’s conjugation group, but they receive affixes for number and case normally.
• The active participle, which functions as an adjective or adverb and indicates that the modified word is related to the subject of the verb.
• The passive participle, which functions as an adjective or adverb and indicates that the modified word is related to the verb’s object.

Both participles receive the normal affixes for number, gender, and case agreement.

Numerals

Numerals attach to and modify nouns, but unlike adjectives are not inflected for agreement. For this reason they must immediately follow the modified noun.

The numerals are arranged rather regularly on a vigesimal basis:

• Numbers one to twenty have their own words, although the words for 11 through 19 are likely related to a combination of “b-t-r” (measurement, leg) and the first nine numbers.
• Multiples of twenty are expressed as, for example, “fesso dōdekʷ” (‘40’, literally ‘twenty in-two’).
• Numbers between two multiplies of twenty are expressed by constructions such as “dekʷkokŋ” (‘22’, ‘two-and twenty’).
• Similar units exist for 400 “síkʲo” (20 times 20), and 8000 “dóho”, (20 times 20 times 20). Multiples are formed just as with multiples of twenty. 400s follow 20s and 8000s follow 400s, with the connecting “kokŋ” (‘and’) always attaching to the unit rather than the multiple, as for example: “tʰonkokŋ fessokokŋ dōtʰon síkʲokokŋ dōdekʷ dóho” (‘8863’, literally ‘3-and 20-and in-3 400-and in-2 8000’).

The larger units are sometimes used more vaguely, with “síkʲo” 400 having a meaning akin to ‘many’, and “dóho” 8000 being used to refer to ‘everything’ or ‘more than can be counted’.

Ordinal numbers can be formed by using the prepositional clitic “sē-” (‘of’) at the start of the number: “sēhekʷkokŋ fesso” for 21st.

Here are the numbers one-to-twenty:

• “hekʷ” one
• “dekʷ” two
• “tʰon” three
• “hētér” four
• “pēfe” five
• “hēgʲi” six
• “hēdol” seven
• “hot” eight
• “nemígʲi” nine
• “dehegʲi” ten
• “betrikʷ” eleven
• “betdor” twelve
• “botʰren” thirteen
• “bētetŕ” fourteen
• “bēptefr” fifteen
• “bētgʲr” sixteen
• “bētdelr” seventeen
• “botr” eighteen
• “bmgʲér” nineteen
• “fesso” twenty

And the units for larger numbers:

• “síkʲo” 400
• “dóho” 8000

Derivation of noun stems

All noun templates place /i/ between the first two consonants of the root, other than the verbal noun patterns which place /ī/ there, a long vowel, instead. These are summarized below, with more details below:

• The noun of abstraction represents the abstract category of the root, both the set of all of the things (or at least a particular type of thing) encompassed by the root, the idealized concept of the root, and sometimes the academic, artistic, or other sort of field related to the root. The noun of abstraction is not normally used in the plural, but this may have occasionally happened in poetic language to refer to many or all things belonging to the category.
• The prototype noun represents the prototypical object related to a root. For some roots, the prototype refers to a specific thing (as “Midêkʰ” for the language) as a proper noun, in which case it cannot be used in the plural and it has feminine gender. In other cases, it refers to a typical type of object related to the root (e.g. p-s-ŋ ‘liquid’ has the prototype pisêŋ ‘water’), in which case the noun may be used in the plural and has neuter gender if it refers to a mindless animal and masculine gender otherwise.
• Nouns of place refer to a place associated with the root.
• Nouns of instrument refer to a tool used in performing actions associated with the root.
• Nouns of emphasis refer to a repetition or intense form of an action related to the root. They are usually masculine, but in some cases a root gives rise to two nouns of emphasis with identical form but with one masculine and one feminine. When this occurs, typically the feminine noun relates to intense action and the masculine noun relates to repeated action.
• The personal noun refers to a type of person associated with the root’s meaning. The noun is gendered according to the individual being referred to. When not referring to a particular individual of known gender, the word is typically masculine except when the meaning of the word was strongly associated with women.
• Diminutives refer to something small or dear related to the root.
• Derogative nouns refer to something disapproved of related to the root.
• There are also several “common noun” patterns which can give rise to various nouns associated with the root without specific semantic implications from the pattern. Each root only is used with a subset of the common noun patterns. Some patterns for common nouns (with the resulting noun’s gender in brackets) include “+í+o+” (f), “to+i+í+” (n), “te+i++ó” (m), “no+i+é+” (f), “si+í+e+” (m).
• Finally there are verbal noun patterns that are treated below.

Derivation of verb stems

Verbs are similarly formed by combining a semantic root with one of several patterns. Unlike nouns, the patterns for verbs are grouped into several “forms”, each form consisting of several patterns for different uses of a verb. The application of the patterns of a form to a given root are considered different variations of the same verb.

Verb forms will be distinguished using a number (e.g. 1st form, 2nd form). Each form has patterns for the non-past tense stem, the past tense stem, the verbal noun, the active participle, and the passive participle. The verb stems must then be inflected for aspect, mood, aspect, number, and person to be used.

The patterns for each verb form are indicated in the following table, with information about typical semantics and other properties of the forms described after the table.

• The 1st form refers to the action seen as most directly connected with the meaning of the root. They may be either transitive or intransitive depending on the meaning of the verb, although ditransitive 1st form verbs are rare. The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
• The 2nd form typically has a meaning related to some action with a lasting effect or impact, although in some cases it is instead an emphatic or more intense version of the root’s 1st-form verb. They may be either transitive or intransitive. The verbal noun is of neuter gender.
• The 3rd form often functions as a causative, representing a ditransitive form of a transitive 1st or 2nd form verb, or a transitive form of an intransitive 1st or 2nd form verb. When the 3rd form is a causative, it usually serves as causative for both the 1st and 2nd form, not just one of them. Even when not causative in meaning, the 3rd form is always transitive or ditransitive. The verbal noun is of masculine gender. The active participle of ditransitive 3rd form verbs often relates to either or both of the agent and patient of the action, with the passive participle relating solely to the recipient or benefactor.
• The 4th form often refers to a reciprocal or repeated action related to the root. 4th form verbs interact atypically with the case system: when they have reciprocal meaning, all parties typically take the nominative case, although for emphasis a single participant can be treated as the subject while a preposition is used to identify other participants; if the verb can ever have reciprocal meaning, it never takes an accusative object; even when the particular verb cannot have reciprocal meaning, any patient of the described action must be marked for the dative case. The verbal noun is of feminine gender. The active and passive participles are generally used to refer to different aspects of the subject(s), often but not always using the active participle for a more agentive aspect of the action.
• The 5th form often has a meaning related to either capability of performing some action or the acquisition or possession of a non-physical quality (capability of action perhaps being considered a non-physical quality); in some cases the verb may be used for both meanings. 5th form verbs are only transitive when used to indicate capability. The verbal noun is of masculine gender. The passive participle of 5th form verbs is usually used as a sort of negative: it indicates that something does not have the quality or cannot perform the action.
• The 6th form often has a meaning related to either resulting from an action or having or gaining some physical quality, such as colour or shape. As with the 5th form, many of these verbs may be used for both meanings. 6th form verbs are never transitive. The verbal noun is of neuter gender. The active participle of 6th form verbs, similar to the passive participle of 5th form verbs, usually serves as a negative: it indicates that something does not result from the action or does not have the quality.

Derivation of adjectives

As noted above, adjectives are not derived via the combination of a root and pattern (other than the participles of verbs). Instead most of them arise from affixation of existing words.

Some of these derivational affixes are listed below:

• The prefix “lo-” forms the “relational” adjective from a noun, which indicates that the modified noun is in some fashion related to the noun.
• The prefix “tr-” negates an adjective.
• The suffixes “-kor” and “-kel” produce comparative forms of an adjective, with “-kor” indicating more and “-kel” less.

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Noun and adjective inflection

Nouns receive a prefix for case and a suffix for number. Each gender uses a separate set of case prefixes. Adjectives use the same set of number suffixes, and they use the same case markers as neuter nouns when modifying a neuter noun. Adjectives modifying masculine or feminine nouns use slightly different case markers from those used by the noun.

Here are the case prefixes:

And the number suffixes, which differ depending on whether the stem ends in a vowel or a consonant:

Verb inflection

Verb stems produced by derivation are inflected for aspect, mood, number, and person. One affix marks aspect and mood, a prefix marks person, and a suffix marks number, with aspect-mood applied before person and number (such that an aspect-mood prefix follows the person prefix and an aspect-mood suffix precedes the number prefix). The verb agrees in person and number with the syntactic subject (the noun or pronoun in the nominative case).

The indicative mood uses a prefix for aspect-mood in the continuous aspect, a suffix in the habitual aspect, and the plain stem in the perfective aspect. The indicative habitual suffix is identical to the continuous prefix. In contrast, the optative and subjunctive moods uniformly use suffixes for aspect-mood and do not distinguish the continuous and habitual aspects. All of these aspect-mood aspects are indicated in the table below (with the hyphen marking where the stem is attached):

The number suffixes for verbs differ depending on whether they follow a vowel or a consonant, and are listed in the table below:

The person suffixes are invariant and are listed in the table below:

As an example, here are a few inflections of the 2nd-form non-past stem “méndikʰ” (write):

• biméndikʰē: they are writing (indicative non-past continuous 3rd-person plural)
• tmbiméndikʰ: you(sg.) are writing (indicative non-past continuous 2nd-person singular)
• kʰoméndikʰē: we write (indicative non-past perfective 1st-person plural)

Prepositions

Prepositions are placed before a noun or noun phrase to express various relationships or to confer semantic roles on their objects.

Each preposition consists of a word ending in a consonant (often monosyllabic). Most prepositions also have a clitic form which is formed by dropping the final consonant and lenghtening the preceding vowel and which can be prefixed to its object. Cliticized prepositions can be used with objects other than noun phrases for various purposes. Some clitic forms are ambiguous between different prepositions.

Here are some of the prepositions in Midêkʰ with their meanings and appropriate cases:

• dol/dō-: PREP in, within; DAT
• fin/fī-: as; measuring to
• ked/kē: PREP with; ACC carrying/bringing/etc. (with verbs of motion)
• petʰ/pē-: PREP in (time), during (DAT with the same meaning but the additional indication that the events were located entirely in the specified period)
• rem/rē: PREP from; DAT away from
• reŋ/rē: PREP to; DAT toward
• sen/sē-: of, belonging to

Conjunctions

Conjunctions are used to connect words, phrases, or clauses in various ways.

As with prepositions, conjunctions often have a clitic form. Unlike prepositions, clitic conjunctions are suffixes and are not predictable in form.

The conjunctions of Midêkʰ include:

• koko/-kokŋ: and, also
• modo, which lacks a clitic and introduces a quotation. It does not imply that the quotation is exact, although it is equally usable for exact or direct quotations.
• ropo, which lacks a clitic form and introduces a relative clause.

Relative clauses

Relative clauses follow a noun phrase and are introduced by the relativizing conjunction “ropo”. The relative clause is structured much as any other sentence, but must include a third-person personal pronoun of the same gender and number as the modified noun. This third-person pronoun is marked for case to indicate what role the modified noun plays in the relative clause.

A historical account

(1) petʰ tehimêh sēbotʰren sen dēkinêg dēlohêrihor tefmótʰ dēmidéskʰe-sēpikʲʰêtik, tedérigʷ grhêpikʲob gilohêsiloh ropo gifmóg gʲelpín gehimidkʰíhi kefmgí gedīrgʷís-róŋohipi. (2) gifmóg medíkʰ modo midéskʰe-sēpikʲʰêtik tehbín dehebīhéli koko fomótʰ hōnébosog gebihlek

1: petʰ tehimêh sēbotʰren sen dēkinêg dēlohêrihor tefmótʰ dēmidéskʰe-sēpikʲʰêtik, tedérigʷ grhêpikʲob gilohêsiloh ropo gifmóg gʲelpín gehimidkʰíhi kefmgí gedīrgʷís-róŋohipi.

“In the thirteenth year of Cat-King Command-of-horses, a bird fighter appeared who called herself (took the words) Dawn-sent.”

2: gifmóg medíkʰ modo midéskʰe-sēpikʲʰêtik tehbín dehebīhéli koko fomótʰ hōnébosog gebihlek

“She said that Command-of-horses stole from the sacrifices and offended the gods.”

The full planned english text:

In the thirteenth year of Cat-King General-of-Horses, a heron-fighter appeared who called herself Sent-by-Dawn. She said that General-of-Horses stole from the sacrifices and offended the gods. Sent-by-Dawn gathered a great army of the people and overthrew the evil king. The people clamored for her to rule them, and she declined, but for three days they surrounded her tent and clamored for her to rule them. After three days without peace or slumber, Sent-by-Dawn emerged from her tent and again the people clamored for her to rule them. Finally she took up the crown, and led the sacrifices and stole nothing from the gods. That was how the first year of Heron-Queen Sent-by-Dawn began.

TKTK

Roots

• b-h-l: worship, god
• b-t-r: length, measurement, (leg)
• d-r-gʷ: fire, light, sun
• f-p-tʰ: time
• gʲ-l-p: transfer, commerce
• h-m-h: period, cycle
• k-n-g: own, rule
• m-d-kʰ: language
• n-s-b: hatred, hostility
• p-kʲ-b: battle
• p-kʲʰ-t: movement
• p-s-ŋ: liquid/water
• r-h-r: purr
• r-ŋ-p: location, existence
• s-l-h: flight
• t-h-b: extract, steal

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Word stems and complete words

Format: stem or word (root, if any): part of speech. gloss (notes)

Parts of speech: noun (masculine, feminine, neuter, varying by referent), verb (transitive, intransitive, ditransitive, 4th form), adjective, numeral, preposition, conjunction.

Verbs are listed with the present stem separated from the past stem by a slash, but collated according the present stem.

• béhli/behíl (b-h-l): vt. to worship, to pray
• béhlit/tebéhil (b-h-l): v4. to be devoted to a god, to dedicate one’s self to a god’s service or worship (the god takes the dative case)
• bémhel/bemhēlé (b-h-l): vi. to be blessed, to receive a blessing
• bémter/bemtēré (b-t-r): vi. to be long, to have a measurement (the measurement is indicated using the preposition fin), to lengthen
• bénhil/behlín (b-h-l): vd. to sacrifice (indirect object is the god)
• béntir/betrín (b-t-r): vi. to measure, especially to measure a distance by walking it carefully (the thing measured is indicated using the preposition dol and the dative case)
• bēptefr: num. fifteen
• bētdelr: num. seventeen
• bētetŕ: num. fourteen
• betdor: num. twelve
• bētgʲr: num. sixteen
• bétri/betír (b-t-r): vi. to walk
• betrikʷ: num. eleven
• bétrit/tebétir (b-t-r): vi. to pace back and forth, to patrol
• bihêl (b-h-l): nf.sg. Bihêl, the sky goddess, queen of the gods
• bihésle (b-h-l): nm. piety (this refers to the socially-expected normal level of devotion to the gods)
• bihésle (b-h-l): nf. intense devotion to the gods (this is an exceptional, more intense devotion than the masculine noun)
• bihle (b-h-l): nf.sg. the gods, collectively
• bīhlé (b-h-l): nn. act of worship
• bîhlen (b-h-l): nn. thing sacrificed
• bīhlís (b-h-l): nf. a person dedicated to a god’s service
• bīhmól (b-h-l): nn. blessedness, state of being blessed or favoured by the gods
• bitésre (b-t-r): nm. notch, marking (as the markings on a ruler)
• bitêr (b-t-r): nm. leg; pace (a unit of length)
• bītmór (b-t-r): nn. a measurement.
• bitré (b-t-r): nf.sg. measurement, distance, length
• bītré (b-t-r): nn. a step
• bîtren (b-t-r): nn. an act of measuring
• bītrís (b-t-r): nf. a pacing, a round of a patrol path
• bmrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural dative
• bmróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular dative
• bohisló (b-h-l): adj. relating to the god to which a “bīhlis” is devoted
• bóhlo (b-h-l): adj. worshiping, worshipful, praying
• bóhlon (b-h-l): adj. sacrificing (as in, performing a religious sacrifice)
• bohnól (b-h-l): adj. sacrificial, sacrificed
• bóhohil (b-h-l): adj. leading sacrifices; sacrificing communally
• bohól (b-h-l): adj. receiving worship, worthy of worship
• bóhsil (b-h-l): adj. devoted to a god
• bomrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural prepositional
• bomróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular prepositional
• botisró (b-t-r): adj. pacing, patrolling (emphasizing the repetition in time)
• botnór (b-t-r): adj. measured
• bótohir (b-t-r): adj. measuring with a ruler or other instrument (this carries an implication of both precision and small absolute magnitude)
• botór (b-t-r): adj. walked through
• bótro (b-t-r): adj. walking
• bótron (b-t-r): adj. measuring
• bótsir (b-t-r): adj. pacing, patrolling (emphasizing the repetition in space)
• botʰren: num. thirteen
• bmgʲér: num. nineteen
• botr: num. eighteen
• defmótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular accusative
• defmtʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural accusative
• dehegʲi: num. ten
• dekʷ: num. two
• démregʷ/demrēgʷé (d-r-gʷ): vi. to be or become hot (generally not as an intrinsic trait, for that see the 1st form verb “dérgʷi/derígʷ”)
• dénrigʷ/dergʷín (d-r-gʷ): vi/vt. to burn, to heat intensely (the object, if present, is something that is being burned or heated using the fire, not merely the fuel)
• dérgʷi/derígʷ (d-r-gʷ): v. to shine or give off heat (intr.); to shine on or heat up (trans.)
• dérgʷit/tedérigʷ (d-r-gʷ): v4. to dawn, to come into power or one’s prime
• dirêgʷ (d-r-gʷ): nf. the sun
• dirésgʷe (d-r-gʷ): nm. intense or large fire (especially if accidental or natural)
• dirgʷé (d-r-gʷ): nf. fire (the element), light
• dīrgʷé (d-r-gʷ): nn. a fire, a light, act of shining or heating
• dîrgʷen (d-r-gʷ): nn. act of burning, intense heat
• dīrgʷís (d-r-gʷ): nf. dawn; period of greatest power and influence in one’s life, one’s prime; dawn goddess
• dīrmógʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. heat, warmth (generally from an external source)
• dírogʷ (d-r-gʷ): nm. hot thing (especially a rock)
• dóho: num. 8000
• dol: prep. in, within (takes prepositional case); through (takes dative case)
• dórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. shining, giving off heat
• dórgʷon (d-r-gʷ): adj. burning (of the flame itself), extremely hot (of a fire or other heat source)
• dorisgʷó (d-r-gʷ): adj. in one’s prime, dawning (used metaphorically of things other than the sun or the dawn goddess)
• dornógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. burned (receiving burns or damage from the fire, not merely being used as fuel), extremely hot (from external heat)
• dorógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. lit, warm, heated
• dórohigʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. burning dangerously, dangerous
• dórsigʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. dawning (only used of the sun or the dawn goddess)
• febéhel/fíbehēl (b-h-l): vi. to be divine, to deserve worship
• febéter/fíbetēr (b-t-r): vi. to be clearly defined or bounded (rarely used transitively to mean the subject is defined or has its boundaries defined by the object)
• fedéregʷ/fíderēgʷ (d-r-gʷ): vi. to be magically or spiritually powerful; to be dangerous
• fefépetʰ/fífepētʰ (f-p-tʰ): vi. to be possible; to be in the future
• fegʲélep/fígʲelēp (gʲ-l-p): vi. to be generous
• fehémeh/fíhemēh (h-m-h): vi. to be eternal, to be immortal
• fekéneg/fíkenēg (k-n-g): vi. to have authority, to be respected
• femédekʰ/fímedēkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be or become sapient, to be capable of language
• fémpetʰ/fempētʰé (f-p-tʰ): vi. to be current; to have happened
• fenébes/fínebēs (n-b-s): vi. be petty; hold a grudge (the target of the grudge may be indicated in the dative)
• fénpitʰ/feptʰín (f-p-tʰ): vt. to last for a duration; to be of a specified age
• fepékʲeb/fípekʲēb (p-kʲ-b): vi. to have martial bravery or skill
• fepékʲʰet/fípekʲʰēt (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to be or become willful (in the sense of directing your own actions)
• fepéseŋ/fípesēŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. to be variable or flexible, to change
• féptʰi/fepítʰ (f-p-tʰ): vi/t. to happen or happen at a time (the time is the object)
• féptʰit/tefépitʰ (f-p-tʰ): v4. to spend time together (whether in the sense of hanging out, or having been thru a lot together, or what have you)
• feréher/fírehēr (r-h-r): vi. to be content, to feel safe
• feréŋep/fíreŋēp (r-ŋ-p): vi. to be available, to not be busy (in the sense of having the time to go to other places)
• feséleh/físelēh (s-l-h): vi. to be or become free (unconstrained)
• fesso: num. twenty
• fetéheb/fítehēb (t-h-b): vi. to be absent, to not be present
• fibīhlí (b-h-l): nm. divinity; the property of being worthy of worship
• fibītrí (b-t-r): nm. a definition or act of defining, a boundary or act of specifying boundaries
• fidīrgʷí (d-r-gʷ): nm. danger, great magical or spiritual power
• fifīptʰí (f-p-tʰ): nm. possibility, the future (both in general. a specific possible or future event is “fípotʰ fofóptʰo”)
• figʲīlpí (gʲ-l-p): nm. generosity
• fihīmhí (h-m-h): nm. eternity, endless time; immortality, endless life
• fikīngí (k-n-g): nm. respect, authority
• fimīdkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nm. sapience
• fin: prep. as; measuring (used with the verb bémter/bemtēré to indicate the measurement of the subject of the verb)
• finībsí (n-b-s): nm. pettiness, grudging demeanor
• fipéstʰe (f-p-tʰ): nm. interval between two events
• fipéstʰe (f-p-tʰ): nf. duration, period of time
• fipêtʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. a while, minute
• fipīkʲbí (p-kʲ-b): nm. bravery or skill in battle
• fipīkʲʰtí (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. self-direction or will
• fipīsŋí (p-s-ŋ): nm. mutability, variability, change
• fīpmótʰ (f-p-tʰ): nn. now, the present moment (in the singular); the past (in the plural)
• fípotʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. event, thing that may happen or have happened (compared to fīptʰé, this may be used for more hypothetical events)
• fiptʰé (f-p-tʰ): nf.sg. time (in general)
• fīptʰé (f-p-tʰ): nn. event, thing that in fact happened
• fîptʰen (f-p-tʰ): nn. duration; age (of a person or thing)
• fīptʰís (f-p-tʰ): nf. act of spending time with another person; shared experience, camaradery, time spent together
• firīhrí (r-h-r): nm. contentment, feeling of safety (the concrete feeling in the moment; for the feeling in the abstract or as a general trait see “rihré”)
• firīŋpí (r-ŋ-p): nm. availability (to go)
• fisīlhí (s-l-h): nm. freedom from constraint
• fitīhbí (t-h-b): nm. absence
• fobóhlo (b-h-l): adj. divine, worthy of worship
• fobohól (b-h-l): adj. not divine, not worthy of worship; mortal
• fobótro (b-t-r): adj. clearly defined, bounded, finite in extent
• fobotór (b-t-r): adj. indefinable, unbounded, infinite
• fodórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. dangerous, magically or spiritually powerful
• fodorógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. not dangeorus, weak of soul or power
• fofopótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. impossible, not going to happen
• fofóptʰo (f-p-tʰ): adj. possible, in the future, potential
• fohómho (h-m-h): adj. eternal; immortal
• fohomóh (h-m-h): adj. temporary; mortal
• fogʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. ungenerous, covetous
• fogʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. generous
• fokóngo (k-n-g): adj. respected, authoritative
• fokonóg (k-n-g): adj. disrespected, lacking authority, unable to command obedience
• fomódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. sapient, capable of language
• fomodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. non-sapient, incapable of language, mindless
• fomótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular nominative
• fomotʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural nominative
• fonobós (n-b-s): adj. forgiving
• fonóbso (n-b-s): adj. petty; grudging, holding a grudge
• fopistʰó (f-p-tʰ): adj. having experienced a lot together
• fopnótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. relating to the duration or age of an event or thing; old
• fópohitʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. spending time doing something, busy
• fopókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. brave or skillful in battle
• fopokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. cowardly or unreliable in battle
• fopokʲʰót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. passive, controlled by others
• fopókʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. willful, self-directed
• fopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. variable, flexible, changing
• foposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. static, rigid, unmoving
• fopótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. relating to the time at which a thing happened, “at the time”
• fópsitʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. companionable
• fóptʰo (f-p-tʰ): adj. happening, occurring (emphasizing that it happened at a known time)
• fóptʰon (f-p-tʰ): adj. having duration, particularly a long one
• forohór (r-h-r): adj. discontent, feeling unsafe
• foróhro (r-h-r): adj. content, feeling safe
• foroŋóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. busy, not available (to go to a place)
• foróŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. available (to go)
• fosólho (s-l-h): adj. free from constraint
• fosolóh (s-l-h): adj. constrained, not free (the specifics of application to people varied a lot in different places)
• fotóhbo (t-h-b): adj. absent
• fotohób (t-h-b): adj. present
• gifmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural nominative
• gifmóg: prn. third-person feminine singular nominative
• gofmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural dative
• gofmóg: prn. third-person feminine singular dative
• gʲélpi/gʲelíp (gʲ-l-p): vd. to give
• gʲélpit/tegʲélip (gʲ-l-p): v4. to trade, to exchange, to swap
• gʲémlep/gʲemlēpé (gʲ-l-p): vi. to be valuable, to have value
• gʲénlip/gʲelpín (gʲ-l-p): vd. to take
• gʲilêp (gʲ-l-p): nm. gift
• gʲiléspe (gʲ-l-p): nm. transaction
• gʲīlmóp (gʲ-l-p): nn. property of being valuable
• gʲílop (gʲ-l-p): nm. commercial relationship
• gʲilpé (gʲ-l-p): nf. exchange, commerce
• gʲīlpé (gʲ-l-p): nn. act of giving, sale
• gʲîlpen (gʲ-l-p): nn. act of taking
• gʲīlpís (gʲ-l-p): nf. act of exchanging or swapping
• gʲolispó (gʲ-l-p): adj. exchanged, swapped, traded (the thing that is traded)
• gʲolnóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. taken, stolen
• gʲólohip (gʲ-l-p): adj. selling
• gʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. given as a gift
• gʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. giving
• gʲólpon (gʲ-l-p): adj. taking
• gʲólsip (gʲ-l-p): adj. trading, exchanging, swapping; commercially active
• hebīhél (b-h-l): nm. communal sacrifice
• hêbihol (b-h-l): nv. a god
• hebītér (b-t-r): nm.ean act of measuring with a ruler or other instrument, a measurement taken with a ruler or other instrument (this carries an implication of both precision and small absolute magnitude)
• hêbitor (b-t-r): nv. walker, runner (specifically referring to a person who travels a long distance on foot)
• hebohló (b-h-l): adj. worshipped communally; pertaining to a god worshipped as communal or state religion; major (of gods)
• hebotró (b-t-r): adj. measured with a ruler or other instrument (this carries an implication of both precision and small absolute magnitude)
• hedīrégʷ (d-r-gʷ): nm. act of starting a fire
• hêdirogʷ (d-r-gʷ): nv. priest, shaman
• hēdol: num. seven
• hedorgʷó (d-r-gʷ): adj. having been burned intentionally or maliciously
• hêfipotʰ (f-p-tʰ): nv. elder, old person
• hefīpétʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. act or process of spending time; pastime, time-consuming activity
• hefoptʰó (f-p-tʰ): adj. time-consuming, worth doing
• hēgʲi: num. six
• hegʲīlép (gʲ-l-p): nm. act of selling or buying
• hêgʲilop (gʲ-l-p): nv. merchant (one who buys and sells goods)
• hegʲolpó (gʲ-l-p): adj. sold
• hehīméh (h-m-h): nm. act of repeating an action; repeated action
• hêhimoh (h-m-h): nv. astrologer, astronomer
• hehomhó (h-m-h): adj. being repeated (of an action)
• hekīnég (k-n-g): nm. thing inherited/bequeathed, thing granted
• hêkinog (k-n-g): nv. owner (especially of land)
• hekongó (k-n-g): adj. inherited, granted; obtained by other’s goodwill rather than one’s own action or inherent worth
• hekʷ: num. one
• hémhi/hemíh (h-m-h): vi. to happen again
• hémhit/tehémih (h-m-h): vi. to transition to the next iteration or stage of a cyclic process
• hemīdékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. dictation, decree, declaration
• hêmidokʰ (m-d-kʰ): nv. orator, author, sage
• hémmeh/hemmēhé (h-m-h): vi. to be cyclical
• hemodkʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. being dictated to, subservient, representative of
• henībés (n-b-s): nm. act of insulting, disparaging, or offending
• hênibos (n-b-s): nv. rival
• hénmih/hemhín (h-m-h): vi. to happen cyclically
• henobsó (n-b-s): adj. insulted, offended, disparaged
• hepīkʲéb (p-kʲ-b): nm. battle-leadership
• hêpikʲob (p-kʲ-b): nv. fighter (character class); participant in a fight
• hepīkʲʰét (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. act of moving something else, impetus
• hêpikʲʰot (p-kʲʰ-t): nv. horse-person, runner
• hepīséŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. pouring, a pour, a cupful
• hêpisoŋ (p-s-ŋ): nv. cupbearer
• hepokʲbó (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting in a battle (with the connotation of being an enemy)
• hepokʲʰtó (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. being moved
• heposŋó (p-s-ŋ): adj. being poured into, filled
• herīhér (r-h-r): nm. act that makes someone feel safe or content, act of care
• hêrihor (r-h-r): nv. cat-person
• herīŋép (r-ŋ-p): nm. act of sending or putting; message; act of creation
• hêriŋop (r-ŋ-p): nv. inhabitant, resident
• herohró (r-h-r): adj. cared for, feeling safe or content due to the actions of another
• heroŋpó (r-ŋ-p): adj. receiving something sent or put; being or having been created
• hesīléh (s-l-h): nm. a throw
• hêsiloh (s-l-h): nv. a bird-person, a person who flies
• hesolhó (s-l-h): adj. being thrown-at
• hētér: num. four
• hetīhéb (t-h-b): nm. burglary, break-in
• hêtihob (t-h-b): nv. thief (character class)
• hêtihob (t-h-b): nf. mischievous child
• hetohbó (t-h-b): adj. burgled, broken into; disorderly (from or as if from being ransacked by a burglar)
• hibihlí (b-h-l): nf. a personal or familial god or spirit
• hibitrí (b-t-r): nf. toe; digit (a unit of length)
• hidirgʷí (d-r-gʷ): nf. ember
• hifiptʰí (f-p-tʰ): nf. a moment, second
• higʲilpí (gʲ-l-p): nf. purchase
• hihimhí (h-m-h): nf. tide
• hikingí (k-n-g): nf. tenant
• himêh (h-m-h): nm. year
• himéshe (h-m-h): nm. a cycle, a periodic event or pattern
• himhé (h-m-h): nf.sg. cycles, repetition (in general); astrology, astronomy
• hīmhé (h-m-h): nn. event of happening a second time
• hîmhen (h-m-h): nn. cycle, event that happens cyclically
• hīmhís (h-m-h): nf. transition between two stages of a cyclic process (e.g. between two seasons, between high and low tide, being day and night)
• himidkʰí (m-d-kʰ): nf. word
• hīmmóh (h-m-h): nn. cyclicity (the property of being cyclic); a regular pattern
• hímoh (h-m-h): nm. imitation of a past event, re-enactment
• hinibsí (n-b-s): nf. enemy
• hipikʲbí (p-kʲ-b): nf. exchange of blows; contest or competitive game (as in, an instance of playing the game, not the game in general)
• hipikʲʰtí (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. shake
• hipisŋí (p-s-ŋ): nf. pond, lake
• hirihrí (r-h-r): nf. pet animal (sometimes used for harmless non-pet animals)
• hiriŋpí (r-ŋ-p): nf. room
• hisilhí (s-l-h): nf. feather
• hōbehló/hōbéholo (b-h-l): vd. to lead sacrifices (direct object are the people on whose behalf the sacrifice is done/who are lead; indirect object is the god to whom the sacrifices are done)
• hōbetró/hōbétoro (b-t-r): vt. to measure with a ruler or other instrument (this carries an implication of both precision and small absolute magnitude)
• hōdergʷó/hōdérogʷo (d-r-gʷ): vd. to ignite, to set alight or aflame, to cause to illuminate or burn something else (the direct object is the heat or light source; the indirect object the thing burned, heated, or illuminated; either may be omitted)
• hōfeptʰó/hōfépotʰo (f-p-tʰ): vt. to spend time performing an activity
• hōgʲelpó/hōgʲélopo (gʲ-l-p): vd. to sell, to buy (often but not always with the passive particle for buying)
• hōhemhó/hōhémoho (h-m-h): vt. to repeat an action; to cause a cyclic event to recur
• hōkengó/hōkénogo (k-n-g): vd. to grant or bequeath a property or position (especially to an heir, child, or subordinate)
• hōmedkʰó/hōmédokʰo (m-d-kʰ): vt/vd. to dictate, to cause to say or write
• hómho (h-m-h): adj. happening again
• hómhon (h-m-h): adj. cyclical, periodic
• homishó (h-m-h): adj. after the transition between t stages of a cyclic process
• homnóh (h-m-h): adj. cyclical, periodic
• homóh (h-m-h): adj. having happened before
• hómohih (h-m-h): adj. repeating an action
• hómsih (h-m-h): adj. before the transition between two stages of a cyclic process
• hōnebsó/hōnéboso (n-b-s): vt/vd. insult, offend (trans.); disparage, insult to others (ditrans., ACC for insulted/disparaged party, DAT for hearers)
• hōpekʲbó/hōpékʲobo (p-kʲ-b): vd. to lead in battle (the indirect object is the foes)
• hōpekʲʰtó/hōpékʲʰoto (p-kʲʰ-t): vt. to put into motion, to cause to move or run
• hōpesŋó/hōpésoŋo (p-s-ŋ): vt/vd. to pour (trans.); to pour onto/into (ditrans.)
• hōrehró/hōréhoro (r-h-r): vt. to cause to feel content or safe, to take care of
• hōreŋpó/hōréŋopo (r-ŋ-p): v. to send, to put in a place (ditrans., destination/recipient is indirect object); to create (trans.)
• hōselhó/hōséloho (s-l-h): v. to throw (trans.), to throw at (ditrans.)
• hot: num. eight
• hōtehbó/hōtéhobo (t-h-b): vt. break into, burgle (a place)
• ked: prep. with (takes the prepositional case); carrying/bringing/etc. (with verbs of motion, takes the accusative case)
• kefmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural accusative
• kefmóg: prn. third-person feminine singular accusative
• kémneg/kemnēgé (k-n-g): vi. to obey, to be obedient
• kéngi/keníg (k-n-g): vt. to own, to rule
• kéngit/tekénig (k-n-g): v4. to share ownership of or authority over something (the owned or ruled thing takes the dative case)
• kénnig/kengín (k-n-g): vt. to conquer, to obtain by force or power
• kifmgí: prn. third-person feminine plural prepositional
• kimóg: prn. third-person feminine singular prepositional
• kinêg (k-n-g): nm. ruler, king (as a title, it was treated as varying in gender with the referent)
• kinésge (k-n-g): nm. possessions (non-land property)
• kinésge (k-n-g): nf. kingdom
• kingé (k-n-g): nf. ownership (especially of land), rule, governance
• kīngé (k-n-g): nn. fact of owning, position of authority or ownership
• kîngen (k-n-g): nn. act of conquest
• kīngís (k-n-g): nf. shared authority or ownership; harmony
• kīnmóg (k-n-g): nn. obedience, act of obedience
• -kokŋ/koko: conj. and, also
• kóngo (k-n-g): adj. ruling, owning, authoritative
• kóngon (k-n-g): adj. conquering, mighty
• konisgó (k-n-g): adj. sharing (with a connotation of disharmony)
• konnóg (k-n-g): adj. conquered, weak, desired
• konóg (k-n-g): adj. owned, ruled, subordinate
• kónohig (k-n-g): adj. bequeathing, inheriting, granting a property or position, receiving a property or position; related to the relationship between owner and heir or between ruler and subordinates
• kónsig (k-n-g): adj. sharing (with connotations of harmony); joint, harmonious, collaborative
• kʰē: prn. first-person singular accusative
• kʰēné: prn. first-person plural accusative
• kʰenó: prn. first-person plural prepositional
• kʰī: prn. first-person singular dative
• kʰīné: prn. first-person plural nominative
• kʰn: prn. first-person singular nominative
• kʰo: prn. first-person singular prepositional
• kʰon: prn. first-person plural dative
• médkʰi/medíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. speak, say, utter
• médkʰit/temédikʰ (m-d-kʰ): v4. to converse or correspond
• mémdekʰ/memdēkʰé (m-d-kʰ): vi. to be noisy, to make noise
• méndikʰ/medkʰín (m-d-kʰ): vi/vt. write
• mibíhlo (b-h-l): nn. prayer
• mibítro (b-t-r): nn. yardstick, ruler
• midêkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. the Midêkʰ language
• midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nf. command, order
• midéskʰe (m-d-kʰ): nm. conversation, dialogue (this can refer to a spoken conversation or a written dialogue)
• midírgʷo (d-r-gʷ): nn. torch, candle, artificial light or fire
• midkʰé (m-d-kʰ): nf.sg. linguistics, language in general
• mīdkʰé (m-d-kʰ): nn. utterance, speech, act of speaking
• mîdkʰen (m-d-kʰ): nn. text, act of writing
• mīdkʰís (m-d-kʰ): nf. act of conversing or corresponding (in the singular it normally refers to one utterance or letter and its response; in the plural it can refer to an entire conversation or the entire correspondence between two or more people)
• mīdmókʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. noise, sound
• mídokʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. book, scroll
• mifíptʰo (f-p-tʰ): nn. clock, point in time
• migʲílpo (gʲ-l-p): nn. money, coin
• mihímho (h-m-h): season, orbit
• mikíngo (k-n-g): nn. administrator, deputy (one who manages the property or domain of a ruler or land-owner)
• mimídkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nn. pen, stylus, other writing instrument
• miníbso (n-b-s): nn. insult, slight
• mipíkʲbo (p-kʲ-b): nn. weapon
• mipíkʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. speed
• mipísŋo (p-s-ŋ): nn. canal
• miríhro (r-h-r): nn. throat, esp. the larynx
• miríŋpo (r-ŋ-p): nn. mount, vehicle, means of transportation
• misílho (s-l-h): nn. wing
• mitíhbo (t-h-b): nn. hand
• mobóhlo (b-h-l): adj. blessed, favoured by the gods
• mobohól (b-h-l): adj. cursed, disfavoured by the gods
• mobotór (b-t-r): adj. short
• mobótro (b-t-r): adj. long
• módkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. speaking, vocal
• módkʰon (m-d-kʰ): adj. literate, writing
• modiskʰó (m-d-kʰ): adj. comprehending, listening
• modnókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. written, textual, literary
• modo: conj. introduces a quotation
• módohikʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. dictating, imperious, acting indirectly
• modókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. spoken, verbal, oral
• modórgʷo (d-r-gʷ): adj. hot, warm, heated (by some external source)
• modorógʷ (d-r-gʷ): adj. cold, cool (with a connotation of not having been heated or having lost its heat)
• módsikʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. communicating, expressive
• mofopótʰ (f-p-tʰ): adj. not having happened (yet); having happened but long ago
• mofóptʰo (f-p-tʰ): adj. recent, current; having actually happened
• mogʲolóp (gʲ-l-p): adj. worthless, cheap
• mogʲólpo (gʲ-l-p): adj. valuable, expensive
• mohómho (h-m-h): adj. cyclic, repeating, following a regular pattern
• mohomóh (h-m-h): adj. acyclic, not repeating, not following a regular pattern
• mokóngo (k-n-g): adj. obedient; tame (of animals)
• mokonóg (k-n-g): adj. disobedient, unruly; wild (of animals)
• momódkʰo (m-d-kʰ): adj. noisy, loud
• momodókʰ (m-d-kʰ): adj. quiet, noiseless, silent
• monobós (n-b-s): adj. not disliked (not necessarily popular either); having friends or allies
• monóbso (n-b-s): adj. disliked; unpopular
• mopókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. angry (especially violently so, with a connotation of being reactive but not necessarily unjustified)
• mopokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. lacking anger, forgiving
• mopokʲʰót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. stationary, immobile
• mopókʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. mobile
• mopósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. melted, liquid, wet
• moposóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. dry
• morohór (r-h-r): adj. restless, not docile, agitated (of animals)
• moróhro (r-h-r): adj. calm, docile (of animals)
• moroŋóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. leaving, not coming; distant, moving away
• moróŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. coming, arriving; nearby
• mosólho (s-l-h): adj. in the air, floating
• mosolóh (s-l-h): adj. not in the air, not flying, heavier than air
• motóhbo (t-h-b): adj. scarce (of a thing); poor (of a person)
• motohób (t-h-b): adj. abundant in quantity; wealthy
• nébsi/nebís (n-b-s): vt. oppose, argue with
• nébsit/tenébis (n-b-s): v4. to be rivals, to compete with (commercially or socially)
• némbes/nembēsé (n-b-s): vi. be disliked, be unpopular; lack friends and allies
• nemígʲi: num. nine
• nénbis/nebsín (n-b-s): vt. to hate
• nibês (n-b-s): nm. grudge
• nibês (n-b-s): nf. Nibês, a demon of vengeance
• nibésse (n-b-s): nm. enduring rivalry
• nibésse (n-b-s): nf. mortal hatred
• nībmós (n-b-s): nn. unpopularity; lack of friends
• nibsé (n-b-s): nf. hostility, antagonism, hate (in general)
• nībsé (n-b-s): nn. act of opposition, disagreement
• nîbsen (n-b-s): nn. an individual hatred
• nībsís (n-b-s): nf. an individual rivalry
• nobihél (b-h-l): nf. a sort of priestess to Bihêl that will be so popular among tw if this setting ever develops a tumblr-analogue
• nobitér (b-t-r): nf. long journey on foot
• nobissó (n-b-s): adj. unfriendly
• nobnós (n-b-s): adj. hated, despicable
• nóbohis (n-b-s): adj. insulting, offensive, disparaging
• nobós (n-b-s): adj. opposed; bad, wrong, worth opposing or disagreeing with
• nóbsis (n-b-s): adj. competing, rivalrous
• nóbso (n-b-s): adj. opposing, disagreeing
• nóbson (n-b-s): adj. hating, hateful
• nodirégʷ (d-r-gʷ): nf. fuel for fire, firewood, kindling
• nohiméh (h-m-h): nf. period or duration of a cycle
• nokinég (k-n-g): nf. block of rented land
• nomidékʰ (m-d-kʰ): nf. message, letter
• nopikʲéb (p-kʲ-b): nf. insult; reason that a fight started
• nopikʲʰét (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. jump
• noriŋép (r-ŋ-p): nf. tent
• nôpisŋo (p-s-ŋ): nm. urine
• notihéb (t-h-b): nf. need (thing that is needed)
• ŋôbihlo (b-h-l): nm. a person cursed by a god or the gods
• ŋôbitro (b-t-r): nm. heel, sole of foot
• ŋôdirgʷo (d-r-gʷ): nm. ash, follower-on
• ŋôfiptʰo (f-p-tʰ): nm. delay
• ŋôgʲilpo (gʲ-l-p): nm. theft
• ŋôhimho (h-m-h): nm. mating season of a mindless animal
• ŋôkingo (k-n-g): nm. rent, tax; thing owed to your social “superior”
• ŋômidkʰo (m-d-kʰ): nm. nonsense, pathetic request
• ŋônibso (n-b-s): nm. vengeance, hatred
• ŋôpikʲbo (p-kʲ-b): nm. anger, rage, fury (the connotations are of driving to physical violences and being unjustified or unreasonable)
• ŋôpikʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. coward
• ŋôrihro (r-h-r): nm. overly dependent and helpless person
• ŋôriŋpo (r-ŋ-p): nm. dangerous place, cliff
• ŋôsilho (s-l-h): nm. bad omen
• ŋôtihbo (t-h-b): nm. criminal
• pēfe: num. five
• pékʲbi/pekʲíb (p-kʲ-b): vt. to fight; to compete against
• pékʲbit/tepékʲib (p-kʲ-b): v4. to be enemies, to feud violently
• pékʲʰti/pekʲʰít (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to move one’s self
• pékʲʰtit/tepékʲʰit (p-kʲʰ-t): v4. to dance
• pémkʲeb/pemkʲēbé (p-kʲ-b): vi. to be or become angry
• pémkʲʰet/pemkʲʰēté (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to be mobile
• pémseŋ/pemsēŋé (p-s-ŋ): vi. to become liquid, to melt, to be or become wet
• pénkʲib/pekʲbín (p-kʲ-b): vt. to kill (primarily in a fight or battle); to defeat in a contest
• pénkʲʰit/pekʲʰtín (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. to run
• pénsiŋ/pesŋín (p-s-ŋ): vi/vt. pool (intr.); cover in liquid, flood, overflow (trans.)
• pésŋi/pesíŋ (p-s-ŋ): vi. flow
• pésŋit/tepésiŋ (p-s-ŋ): v4. to rise and fall over time (as tides or water level in a lake or river)
• pikʲbé (p-kʲ-b): nf. battle, combat (used to speak of battle or combat in general); tactics (as the art of study of battle)
• pīkʲbé (p-kʲ-b): nn. act of fighting; strike, blow
• pîkʲben (p-kʲ-b): nn. act of killing, victory in battle or a contest
• pīkʲbís (p-kʲ-b): nf. violent feud, enemyship
• pikʲêb (p-kʲ-b): nm. fight, small battle
• pikʲésbe (p-kʲ-b): nm. series of battles or fights; series of contests in which the victor of the entire series is determined by the winner of more individual contests
• pikʲésbe (p-kʲ-b): nf. battle with heavy death tolls; fight to the death
• pīkʲmób (p-kʲ-b): nn. anger (especially violent anger, with a connotation of being reactive but not necessarily unjustified)
• pikʲʰéste (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. oscillation, vibration
• pikʲʰéste (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. sudden or short movement
• pikʲʰêt (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. horse
• pīkʲʰmót (p-kʲʰ-t): vi. mobility
• pikʲʰté (p-kʲʰ-t): nf.sg. motion, movement
• pīkʲʰté (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. a movement, a motion
• pîkʲʰten (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. an act of running, a running pace
• pīkʲʰtís (p-kʲʰ-t): nf. a dance, a dance step
• pisêŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. water
• pisésŋe (p-s-ŋ): nm. flood
• pīsmóŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. melting
• pisŋé (p-s-ŋ): nf.sg. liquids (the state of matter, and the science of its behavior)
• pīsŋé (p-s-ŋ): nn. act of flowing
• pîsŋen (p-s-ŋ): nn. pool, puddle, act of pooling
• pīsŋís (p-s-ŋ): nf. tide, change in level (especially of a fluid)
• pmmrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural nominative
• pmróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular nominative
• pókʲbo (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting, attacking
• pókʲbon (p-kʲ-b): adj. killing, winning; lethal; victorious
• pokʲisbó (p-kʲ-b): adj. enemy
• pokʲnób (p-kʲ-b): adj. being killed, losing; fatally wounded or slain; defeated
• pokʲób (p-kʲ-b): adj. fighting, being attacked
• pókʲohib (p-kʲ-b): adj. leading in battle, battling, fighting in a battle; tactical
• pókʲsib (p-kʲ-b): adj. feuding, recurrently fighting
• pokʲʰistó (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. dancing (especially following a lead or an established dance)
• pókʲʰohit (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. causing things to move, impactful
• pokʲʰót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. moving (due to external forces)
• pokʲʰnót (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. running (typically used of animals)
• pókʲʰsit (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. dancing (especially when leading or creatively)
• pókʲʰto (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. moving (on its own), mobile
• pókʲʰton (p-kʲʰ-t): adj. running (typically used of people)
• pomrŋóp: prn. third-person neuter plural accusative
• pomróŋ: prn. third-person neuter singular accusative
• pósŋo (p-s-ŋ): adj. flowing, fluid
• pósŋon (p-s-ŋ): adj. pooling, overflowing, stagnant
• posnóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. submerged, flooded, overflowed
• pósohiŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. pouring (the one pouring a fluid), being poured, raining
• posóŋ (p-s-ŋ): adj. watered (as e.g. plants, soil), irrigated
• réhri/rehír (r-h-r): vi. to purr, to make other noises expressing contentment
• réhrit/teréhir (r-h-r); v4. to mutually care for each other, to love (emphasizing action taken to care for one another)
• rem/rē: prep. away from (takes the dative); from (takes the prepositional) (the clitic form is ambiguous with “reŋ”)
• rémher/remhēré (r-h-r): vi. to be calm, to be docile (especially used of animals)
• rémŋep/remŋēpé (r-ŋ-p): vi. to come, to arrive; to bring (using preposition ked and the accusative case to indicate what is brought)
• rénhir/rehrín (r-h-r): vi. to roar
• rénŋip/reŋpín (r-ŋ-p): vt. to go to a place
• reŋ/rē: prep. toward (takes the dative); to (takes the prepositional) (the clitic form is ambiguous with “rem”)
• réŋpi/reŋíp (r-ŋ-p): vi/vt. to be at a place (trans.); to dwell or live in a place (intr./trans.); to exist (intr.)
• réŋpit/teréŋip (r-ŋ-p): v4. to meet together (coming to a place to meet up, not meeting for the first time)
• rihêr (r-h-r): nm. purr
• rihésre (r-h-r): nm. affectionate sounds made between lovers
• rīhmór (r-h-r): nn. calmness, docility (especially in animals)
• ríhor (r-h-r): nm. contentment noises, particularly from animals or children
• rihré (r-h-r): nf. contentment, feeling of safety (primarily used to discuss it in the abstract, or to describe a person’s general demeanor; for in-the-moment experiences of this feeling, see “firīhrí”)
• rīhré (r-h-r): nn. act of purring
• rîhren (r-h-r): nn. act of roaring, roar
• rīhrís (r-h-r): nf. love relationship (especially between young people)
• riŋêp (r-ŋ-p): nm. dwelling, house
• riŋéspe (r-ŋ-p): nm. city, town
• riŋéspe (r-ŋ-p): nf. road, path, trail
• rīŋmóp (r-ŋ-p): nn. moment of arrival, act of coming
• riŋpé (r-ŋ-p): nf.sg. locality (the idea of being in a place), existence
• rīŋpé (r-ŋ-p): nn. location of someone or something; act of dwelling in a place, residence; fact of existing
• rîŋpen (r-ŋ-p): nn. act of going, moment of departure
• rīŋpís (r-ŋ-p): nf. act of meeting, meeting
• rohisró (r-h-r): adj. loved (emphasizing lover(s) taking care of you)
• rohnór (r-h-r): adj. making threatening noises (only used with animals)
• rohór (r-h-r): adj. making noises of contentment
• róhohir (r-h-r): adj. caretaking, making others to feel safe
• róhro (r-h-r): adj. purring
• róhron (r-h-r): adj. roaring
• róhsir (r-h-r): adj. loving (with an emphasis on action taken to make lover(s) feel safe and content)
• roŋispó (r-ŋ-p): adj. meeting by chance or spontaneously
• roŋnóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. being gone to, destination
• róŋohip (r-ŋ-p): adj. sending, sent; putting, being put; creating
• roŋóp (r-ŋ-p): adj. occupied, inhabited (of a place)
• róŋpo (r-ŋ-p): adj. being in a place, local; dwelling in a place, at home, resident; existing
• róŋpon (r-ŋ-p): adj. going
• róŋsip (r-ŋ-p): adj. arranging to meet, meeting intentionally
• ropo: conj. introduces a relative clause
• sélhi/selíh (s-l-h): vi. to fly
• sélhit/tesélih (s-l-h): v4. to overfly (the place or thing flown over takes the dative case); (rarely) to fly high or ascend
• sémleh/semlēhé (s-l-h): vi. to be in the air, to float in the air
• sen: prep. of, belonging to
• sénlih/selhín (s-l-h): v. to fly downward rapidly, to swoop (intr.); to swoop down on (trans.)
• sifípetʰ (f-p-tʰ): nm. age, era (long period of time of often vague duration)
• síkʲo: num. 400
• silêh (s-l-h): nn. mindless bird, flying animal
• siléshe (s-l-h): nm. a flight, journey by flight
• siléshe (s-l-h): nf. a flying ascent
• silhé (s-l-h): nf.sg. flight, the art of flying
• sīlhé (s-l-h): nn. act of flying, flap of wings
• sîlhen (s-l-h): nn. a flying descent, a swoop
• sīlhís (s-l-h): nf. an act of overflying
• sīlmóh (s-l-h): nn. the state of being in the air or floating
• síloh (s-l-h): nv. bat-person, a mammalian person who flies
• simídekʰ (m-d-kʰ): nm. language, script
• siníbes (n-b-s): nm. disrespect
• sipíkʲeb (p-kʲ-b): nm. wound, injury (used for injuries from fights, battle, or physical contests)
• sipíkʲʰet (p-kʲʰ-t): nm. acceleration
• sipíseŋ (p-s-ŋ): nm. mouthful (esp. of liquids)
• sisíleh (s-l-h): nm. wingspan
• sobíhil (b-h-l): nn. temple, place of worship
• sobítir (b-t-r): nn. a far away place
• sodírigʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. hearth, firepit
• sofípitʰ (f-p-tʰ): nn. time of day, hour
• sogʲílip (gʲ-l-p): nn. market
• sohímih (h-m-h): nn. planet (including the sun but not the fixed stars)
• sokínig (k-n-g): nn. domain (land owned or controlled by a land-owner or ruler)
• sólho (s-l-h): adj. flying, flapping
• sólhon (s-l-h): adj. swooping, flying downward
• solishó (s-l-h): adj. flying high
• solnóh (s-l-h): adj. swooped down upon
• solóh (s-l-h): adj. flying, wind-borne
• sólohih (s-l-h): adj. throwing, being thrown, moving through the air
• sólsih (s-l-h): adj. overflying something
• somídikʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. gathering place
• soníbis (n-b-s): nn. a public place (with the connotation of a place where one meets one’s rivals enemies and might strive to insult or outdo them)
• sopíkʲib (p-kʲ-b): nn. battlefield, scene of a fight
• sopíkʲʰit (p-kʲʰ-t): nn. path
• sopísiŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. body of water or other liquid, esp. an ocean
• soríhir (r-h-r): nn. place of safety, home (in the sense of place where one feels secure)
• soríŋip (r-ŋ-p): nn. place
• sosílih (s-l-h): nn. high up place to perch on
• sotíhib (t-h-b): nn. hiding place, hideout
• petʰ: prep. during, in (in the sense of a time period) (the dative case indicates that the events described took place exclusively in the time period, while the prepositional case does not specify whether they extend outside of this time in either direction).
• tē: prn. second-person singular accusative
• tedirgʷó (d-r-gʷ): nm. burn
• tefmótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular prepositional
• tefmtʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural prepositional
• tekingó (k-ng): nm. non-inheriting descendant of a land-owner or ruler
• téhbi/tehíb (t-h-b): vt. extract, remove
• téhbit/tetéhib (t-h-b): v4. to miss one another
• témheb/temhēbé (t-h-b): vi. to be scarce (of a thing); to be poor (of a person)
• tēné: prn. second-person plural accusative
• ténhib/tehbín (t-h-b): vt. steal
• tenibsó (n-b-s): nm. insult, offensive act
• tenó: prn. second-person plural prepositional
• tepisŋó (p-s-ŋ): nm. blood
• terihró (r-h-r): nm. whimpers, pleading noises
• teriŋpó (r-ŋ-p): nm. starting point
• tī: prn. second-person singular dative
• tifmótʰ: prn. third-person masculine singular dative
• tifmtʰí: prn. third-person masculine plural dative
• tihbé (t-h-b): nf. removal, absence (all in the abstract); metallurgy
• tīhbé (t-h-b): nn. act of removal
• tîhben (t-h-b): nn. act of stealing, theft
• tīhbís (t-h-b): nf. state of missing one another; loneliness
• tihêb (t-h-b): nm. thief (person who steals)
• tihésbe (t-h-b): nm. poverty
• tihésbe (t-h-b): nf. bad luck
• tīhmób (t-h-b): nn. scarcity
• tíhob (t-h-b): nm. windfall
• tīné: prn. second-person plural nominative
• tn: prn. second-person singular nominative
• to: prn. second-person singular prepositional
• tobitír (b-t-r): nn. foot, paw; foot (a unit of length)
• todirígʷ (d-r-gʷ): nn. day
• togʲilíp (gʲ-l-p): nn. price
• tóhbo (t-h-b): adj. extracting, removing
• tóhbon (t-h-b): adj. stealing
• tohimíh (h-m-h): nn. day-night cycle
• tohisbó (t-h-b): adj. lonely
• tohnób (t-h-b): adj. stolen
• tohób (t-h-b): adj. extracted, removed
• tóhohib (t-h-b): adj. burgling, breaking into
• tóhsib (t-h-b): adj. missing someone
• tokiníg (k-n-g): nn. heir to property or position
• tōmidíkʰ (m-d-kʰ): nn. sentence
• ton: prn. second-person plural dative
• topikʲíb (p-kʲ-b): nn. rabid or aggressive animal
• tōpisíŋ (p-s-ŋ): nn. cup, waterskin, jug
• torihír (r-h-r): nn. mindless cat
• toriŋíp (r-ŋ-p): nn. destination
• tosilíh (s-l-h): nn. mindless bat, flying mindless mammal
• totihíb (t-h-b): nn. stolen good; loot
• tʰŋ: prn. second-person plural vocative
• tʰō: prn. second-person singular vocative
• tʰon: num. three